So a friend of mine, let’s call him Aaron, it’s a good name. Anyways... Aaron is fairly familiar with Linux, but isn't overly friendly with the command line. As he puts it, he likes "pretty things" and we all have to admit there isn't much pretty about the terminal. So I compiled my entire bash history, sorted and wrote/stole some explanations of how I use terminal and regularly used command line programs. Hopefully this helps somebody, maybe you. It helped me at least as an exercise in documentation.
So here goes:
/var/log/messages is your friend. This is where a lot of the daemons log to. I often use this in conjunction with tail and/or grep.
Tab completion is your friend. Start typing a command and then press tab once to complete it and tab twice to list all possible completions, works on directories, commands and aliases
#output the results of a command to a file, called piping. In this case it is ls
ls > output.txt
ls >> output.txt // this appends the output of ls to the file output.txt
#execute one command based on the output of the other, specifically standard out, this is apparently called concurrency. The following will list all running processes in full detail and find only the lines with “named” on it.
ps -ef | grep named
#execute one command after another
cd /root; ls
#find out what version of Linux you have
uname -a && cat /etc/*release
#move files from one host to another over ssh, must use full filepath from /
scp root@172.16.1.2:/root/.bashrc /root/.bashrc
# request new ip using dhcp
sudo dhclient
#restart networking has the same effect of requesting new ip.
/etc/init.d/network restart
# redhat based, ie redhat, fedora, centos, scientific
yum update
yum search
yum install
yum info
yum remove
#debian based, ie debian, ubuntu, mint
apt-get update
apt-cache search
apt-get install
#port scan remote host, not overly abusive
sudo nmap -T2 -v -A -PN
# Find files
# where /etc is the directory to search can also be . for the current directory and all sup
# directories and search by name of file in this case *.cpp
find /etc -type f -name “*.cpp” -print | sort -u
#find text in a file in filesystem
find . | xargs grep "text"
# un gzip and un-tar, works on *.tar.gz and also *.tgz
tar -zxvf file.tar.gz
#edit /user/donald/.bashrc to modify coloring of terminal and regularly used aliases
export PS1='\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\W\[\033[00m\] $ '
#the syntax for PS1 varies this above works in Fedora 13
export SVN_EDITOR="/bin/nano"
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto --group-directories-first' // I use ll ALL the time
#and if I find myself constantly changing to one directory I’ll often set an alias of
alias cdproject=”cd /home/aaron/Documents
#install ssh server
apt-get install openssh-server
#install Webmin on Ubuntu
sudo su
echo "deb http://download.webmin.com/download/repository sarge contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://webmin.mirror.somersettechsolutions.co.uk/repository sarge contrib">> /etc/apt/sources.list
wget http://www.webmin.com/jcameron-key.asc
apt-key add jcameron-key.asc
apt-get update
apt-get install webmin
#install LAMP on Ubuntu
apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
apt-get install apache2
apt-get install php5 libapache2-mod-php5
apt-get install php5-mysql php5-curl php5-gd php5-idn php-pear php5-imagick php5-imap php5-mcrypt php5-memcache php5-ming php5-ps php5-pspell php5-recode php5-snmp php5-sqlite php5-tidy php5-xmlrpc php5-xsl
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart
echo -e "" > /var/www/info.php
| Command | My Description | |||||||||||||||
| alias | print out all aliases currently in use, these are typically stored in your home directory in a file called .bashrc | |||||||||||||||
| cat .viminfo | concatenate the output of the foo.txt to stdout or in otherwords print out the file | |||||||||||||||
| chmod+x install_webmin.sh | change the mode of the file to be executable to all owners, groups and world | |||||||||||||||
| chmod 740 www | same except explicitly defining the mode, b
| |||||||||||||||
| chown root:wheel manage.py | Change the owner to root and the group to wheel of the file manage.py | |||||||||||||||
| chown root:root * -R | Change the owner and group to root of all files and folders in the current directory and do it to all subfolders and files recursively | |||||||||||||||
| clear | clear all text from the current terminal | |||||||||||||||
| cp | copies file or directories from source to destination, if wanting to recursively do directories, be sure to include -R | |||||||||||||||
| dd if=/dev/cdrom of=disc6.iso; eject | create an iso of the disc in the drive and store it as disc6 in the current directory and eject aftwards | |||||||||||||||
| df | display current disc utilization stat. Add -a for all discs and -h for human readable sizes | |||||||||||||||
| diff tmp.txt tmp2.txt | display the difference between the two files specified | |||||||||||||||
| dig soecs.ku.edu | dig up some dns info about the given server or domain | |||||||||||||||
| echo $PS1 | print the contents of the given variable | |||||||||||||||
| echo d68d6c2e04c998>vmware.txt | replace all contents of the given filename with the content specified, if filename doesn't exist, attempt to create the file | |||||||||||||||
| fg | resume the last bg process | |||||||||||||||
| find . -size >1G | find all files in the current directory larger than 1GB | |||||||||||||||
| find . -user jlfugett -print | find all files in the current directory whose owner is jlfugett | |||||||||||||||
| find / -name *.sh -print | find all files and where the extension .sh | |||||||||||||||
| find / -name *ldap* -ctime -0.04 | find all files and folders where ldap appears in the filename created within the last hour, 0.04 is approx 1/24 | |||||||||||||||
| find /etc -name klogd -print | find all files and folders in /etc where the name of the file begins with klogd | |||||||||||||||
| g++ -c main.cpp | compile main.cpp | |||||||||||||||
| gksudo wireshark | run wireshark graphically as root, assuming you have gksudo installed | |||||||||||||||
| grep g++ -R * | find all instances of the phrase "g++" in all files and subfolders | |||||||||||||||
| grep try *.py | find all istances of the phrrase "try" in all files with .py extension in the current directory, do not recurse into subdirectories | |||||||||||||||
| groups <user> | show all groups a user is a member of | |||||||||||||||
| gunzip totalvalidatorbasic.tar.gz | just unzip the file total…tar.gzz | |||||||||||||||
| gzip totalvalidatorbasic.tar | gzip the .tar file | |||||||||||||||
| hardinfo | ubuntu: brings up the hardware info gui applet thingy | |||||||||||||||
| history | print out all previously used terminal commands | |||||||||||||||
| history | grep nestat | find all entries of the command netstat in history | |||||||||||||||
| hostname | print the hostname | |||||||||||||||
| ifconfig <interface> | print the current configuration of the specified network interface. If none is specified, all active interfaces will be printed | |||||||||||||||
| ifdown <interface> | take the specified interface down | |||||||||||||||
| ifup <interface> | bring the specified interface up | |||||||||||||||
| ip addr | print the current ip configuration of all interfaces | |||||||||||||||
| iptables -L -n | Print all current chains and rules in iptables | |||||||||||||||
| kill 1477 | end the process given by the specified process id (PID) | |||||||||||||||
| less /etc/apache2/httpd.conf | print the given file to the screen in a scrollable format. This is often used concurrently with another command i.e. "ll -a | less" | |||||||||||||||
| ln -s <source> <destination> | create a symlink from the source file to the destination. Analagous to .lnk files in windows | |||||||||||||||
| locate PyQt4 | search the locate database for files | |||||||||||||||
| lsof | list open files | |||||||||||||||
| lsof -i tcp:80 | list open files in use by port 80 | |||||||||||||||
| man <command> | get the manual or man page for the command specified, note program man must be installed and the command must have the man page installed, luckily both of these are typically done by default | |||||||||||||||
| md5sum <file> | display the md5sum of a file specified | |||||||||||||||
| mkdir /home/donald | make a directory called donald in /home | |||||||||||||||
| mv <source> <destination> | move the file <source> to <destination>. I often use this instead of rename, because the end result is the same and mv is a lot less letters than rename | |||||||||||||||
| mysql -h localhost | mysql client: connect to host specified | |||||||||||||||
| nano test.txt | Nano is a basic text editor, open the specified file, if no file is specified, opens an empty file that can be saved on exit | |||||||||||||||
| netstat | netstat is very similar to its windows counterpart,it shows all tcp/udp connections in or out of the host. | |||||||||||||||
| netstat -tan | grep LISTEN | show ALL TCP connections in NUMERIC form, but only display the ones in listen state. Alternatively, use netstat -tanl | |||||||||||||||
| nslookup mail.google.com | analogous to nslookup in windows, the internet recommends dig over nslookup | |||||||||||||||
| ntpdate -b <time server> | set the time on the host to that specified by the given time server | |||||||||||||||
| ping time.ku.edu | ICMP echo to host specified. I typically set an alias in my .bashrc ping="ping -c 5" because this will perform a never ending ping | |||||||||||||||
| ps --help | get help for the command ps, the --help is useful for many commands | |||||||||||||||
| ps -ef | print ALL(-e) running processes in FULL(-f) detail | |||||||||||||||
| ps -ef | grep wireshark | same as above, except only show the lines with "wireshark" in them | |||||||||||||||
| pwd | Print Working Directory, show what directory you're in | |||||||||||||||
| reboot | reboot the computer, must be root or sudo | |||||||||||||||
| rm -rf Documents | Forcibly(-f) and recursively(-r) remove the folder Documents and all of its subfiles and subfolders | |||||||||||||||
| rmdir Documents | remove the empty directory Documents | |||||||||||||||
| route | print the routing table | |||||||||||||||
| scp <username@host>:<file to send> <file to receive> | Secure Copy, transfer a file over ssh, file paths must be finitely defined. i.e. scp root@172.16.1.2:/root/.bashrc /root/.bashrc | |||||||||||||||
| service | most often used to start, stop or restart a service. Typically executing scripts in /etc/init.d/ | |||||||||||||||
| service --status-all | print the up/down status of all services installed | |||||||||||||||
| service networking restart | Ubuntu restart networking | |||||||||||||||
| shred | removes a file and overwrites the data. | |||||||||||||||
| sl | Choo Choo! | |||||||||||||||
| smbclient -L -U Administrator -W Home.local server1.home.local | command line Samba client. In this context, used to list shares of the server "server1.home.local" with the username "Administrator" of the domain/workgroup "home.local" | |||||||||||||||
| source ~/.bashrc | After editing you're .bashrc file, run this to update to the most current version | |||||||||||||||
| sudo ssh root@firewall.home.local -L 2222:172.16.1.2:22 | Secure Shell: the -L requires root permissions, hence the sudo. In this scenario, I'm shelling into a remote router firewall.home.local. And from that firewall, I am accessing ssh on the remote server 172.16.1.2 and redirecting that to my local box on port 2222, thus creating a tunnel. | |||||||||||||||
| startx | if X is installed at a terminal, start it. | |||||||||||||||
| stat <filename> | print out statistics about a file, permissions, dates, owners, groups, etc | |||||||||||||||
| su <username> | assume the role of another user, if username is not specified, become root | |||||||||||||||
| tail -f -n 25 /var/log/messages | print just the tail of the file specified, in this case -f follows the file. And -n 25 specifies print out the last 25 lines | |||||||||||||||
| tar -zxvf file.tar.gz | un gzip and un-tar, works on *.tar.gz and also *.tgz | |||||||||||||||
| telnet <host> <port> | Telnet into the host and port specified, not that is a space seperating the two. Since telnet has been effectively replaced by ssh, this is most often used to determine if a given service is up such as smtp, vpn, or imap | |||||||||||||||
| top | shows the top running processes | |||||||||||||||
| tracepath <hostname> | analogous to traceroute in windows | |||||||||||||||
| uname -a | print out the current kernel version | |||||||||||||||
| uname -a && cat /etc/*release | print out the current kernel version and distibution details | |||||||||||||||
| users | prints out the users currently logged in. | |||||||||||||||
| vim tmp2.txt | VIM! | |||||||||||||||
| wget https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | web get, requests and downloads the file specified | |||||||||||||||
| whereis sysinfo | locate the binary source and manual page files for a command | |||||||||||||||
| who | prints out the users currently logged in. | |||||||||||||||
| whoami | prints out who you are logged in, props to Sam Flynn in Tron:Legacy for using this | |||||||||||||||
| whois waterone.org | get whois info for the domain specified, I believe this queries the root servers | |||||||||||||||
| wireshark | Packet sniffer, very useful if you specify narrow filters, overwhelming if you don't |
No comments:
Post a Comment